For many years, Calvinist have used parts of Romans 9 (Jacob and Esau) to justify their belief in predestination. However, it seems that the whole chapter 9 is dealing with God identifying the true seed of Abraham who is Christ and those who believe in him. Thus, all of the examples given by Paul is an explanation to why those who are physical descendants of Abraham (the jews) are not the seed, but the believers of Christ (be they jew or gentile). If you take the example of Esau and Jacob as a part in the whole of Chapter 9, then one can see that God predestined based on mercy the second - or New covenant believers and not the 1st or old covenant believers.
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